Natalie Wolchover has a new piece on Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorem at Quanta Magazine:
As usual Natalie does a great job. I’m too lazy right now to look it up, but my favorite explanation of Gödel is probably Raymond Smullyan’s that he gives in one or more of his volumes. Rudy Rucker also does a good job for the layperson in at least one of his volumes, and Ms. Wolchover mentions the Ernest Nagel/James Newman short older volume “Gödel’s Proof” as another good source.
Lastly, I’ll re-post a quote/tribute I’ve used before from Freeman Dyson in "The Scientist As Rebel":
"Gödel's theorem shows conclusively that in pure mathematics reductionism does not work. To decide whether a mathematical statement is true, it is not sufficient to reduce the statement to marks on paper and to study the behavior of the marks. Except in trivial cases, you can decide the truth of a statement only by studying its meaning and its context in the larger world of mathematical ideas.
"It is a curious paradox that several of the greatest and most creative spirits in science, after achieving important discoveries by following their unfettered imaginations, were in their later years obsessed with reductionist philosophy and as a result became sterile. Hilbert was a prime example of this paradox. Einstein was another…
"Science in its everyday practice is much closer to art than to philosophy. When I look at Gödel's proof of his undecidability theorem, I do not see a philosophical argument. The proof is a soaring piece of architecture, as unique and as lovely as Chartres Cathedral… The proof is a great work of art. It is a construction, not a reduction. It destroyed Hilbert's dream of reducing all mathematics to a few equations, and replaced it with a greater dream of mathematics as an endlessly growing realm of ideas. Gödel proved that in mathematics the whole is always greater than the sum of the parts. Every formalization of mathematics raises questions that reach beyond the limits of the formalization into unexplored territory."
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